The new charge of €800/tonne for all non-recycled packaging waste will be paid by EU nations from 1 January 2021.

National contributions will be calculated by the European Commission using existing reporting obligations under the Packaging Waste Directive (Directive 94/62/ECC) and its implementing Decision (Decision (EU) 2019/665).

Under the Packaging Waste Directive, member states provide data on plastic packaging and recycling, which is published on the Eurostat website.

The charge is not a tax, although it is commonly referred to as one, because it is payable at state level rather than by individuals or corporations. Nation states could, however, seek to recover the cost of the charge through taxation.

The charge will be used to fund the coronavirus recovery package and charged at nation state level.

The methods used to meet the cost of the charge will be up to individual countries, and the EU Council has not proposed any regulatory stipulations around this.

Individual countries are free to adopt different approaches and could seek to recoup the cost of meeting the charge from differing parts of the supply chain, leading to potential regulatory divergence.

How nation states will incorporate this into national legislation remains the key uncertainty for plastic and recycling markets.

Some players have welcomed the move because it could encourage higher recycling rates in the future, and for devolving how this is implemented across the supply chain to individual national governments.

“[It will be] good for the industry - I think it's a realistic thing because many countries [and] people [have] had, long term, time enough to think about packaging,” a recycled polymer producer says.

Other players, however, raised concerns around regulatory divergence and the resultant potential difficulties with cross-border trade.

“What happens when I send something to the UK? What happens when I send it to Germany. Who bears this burden? Don't get me wrong, I'm not against any of this, we just don't understand [how it will be implemented],” says a recycler.

They further argue that it does little to alleviate infrastructure shortages and legislative barriers, which limit the ability of the market to increase recycled material suitable for food-grade packaging and hazardous material packaging. They add that the charge could encourage a shift to non-plastic packaging types such as glass, paper and cardboard.

“Changing a plastic bottle into a glass bottle is not solving the problem. I think it's a tool from the politicians to do something that is their own target, but is this the correct approach or the right approach? Let's see what the countries do,” says one major packaging producer.

“For sure if there's a tax it could increase plastic use, but adding an additional charge on plastic and changing to other packaging is not the correct approach,”

There have been concerns that the bill does nothing to address waste collection infrastructure shortages, and that the short timescale to implementation does not allow nation states enough time to enact the legislation in a considered manner.

“[in] the first years the tax won't be dodged. Supply chains just aren’t ready,” a packaging converter said.

According to several sources, the lack of suitable waste collection infrastructure will mean that the cost of any potential plastic taxes currently proposed or introduced on the back of this legislation would simply be passed on to the consumer until chemical recycling matures and provides enough volume of material to tackle shortages.

“To be honest I don't see correlation between use of recycled material and this new levy,” one integrated waste management major says. “The national governments will not have the time to implement this by January, and how [will they] pass [this] through the supply chain?

“I'd love to say we see a reaction but the only extra project it will push is whether people want to substitute other materials that aren't plastic. That's a pity. I thought greenwashing was done by companies but now it seems the EU is using it to raise money.

“It will be very dependent on the measures that the country takes, if they just pass it through it will be ultimately the consumer that pays and [there will be] no incentive to do more collection, better sorting or use more recycled content in their product,” they continue. “If they just forward to the consumer that's more or less it. This seems like a rushed tax which only fills the gaps in the budget and that's really disappointing.”

Some have also highlighted that if the cost of the charge is passed through to the supply chain, for many packaging applications the limited volume per item of material will mean the addition of only €0.01-0.02 per item, which might easily be transferable to consumers.

“It sounds a lot of money, but at €800/tonne if it's 20g [of packaging] it's not a big deal,” a recycled polymer producer said.

To achieve European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approval, 95% of the material used in reprocessing must have been sourced from food-contact applications, and there must be full and provable traceability throughout the chain.

For recycled material such as recycled polypropylene, where multiple forms of waste are collected in kerbside schemes, proving provenance of material to reach the 95% content threshold is prohibitive.

The only post-consumer-derived source of food grade recycled high-density polyethylene pellets is the UK where milk bottles provide an easily separated stream of waste.

Structural shortages of material, along with technical limitations such as opacity of material and loss of tensile strength, have led companies to explore other avenues for reaching sustainability commitments such as chemical recycling or bio-based materials.